The letter
If Aziz was innocent, why did he apologize to Miss Quested in the letter, saying she had saved him from being in jail instead of with his family. Almost sounded like she lied to save him.
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He thought about the conversation he had with Fielding, in which Fielding says "Don't be too hard on Adela. She had the pressure of the entire British Empire on her, but she was still brave enough to tell the truth on the witness stand."
Aziz realizes this was true, and if she had lied, he would be in jail. It took some bravery to defy her brother and the entire population of Englishmen and Englishwomen who wanted to convict Aziz. So he thanks her for that.
None of this exists in the book by E.M. Forster, on which the movie is based. In the book, he sends her no letter. The books ends on a more negative note. Fielding visits Aziz with his wife. They become reconciled, but Aziz tells Fielding that they can't really be friends again until the British Raj ends.
Probably the movie wanted to end on a happier note, so they leave out the bit with Aziz telling Fielding that they can't be friends, and adding a bit about Aziz sending a letter to Adela to make up.
on the contrary, the book as you said seem to have a happier ending were you can imagine them be friends again after the independence of india, in the movie aziz said that he think he will never see him again. not that i think there is anything happy in the friendship of clumsy indian and a cold englishman.
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