Jar Jar doesn't need an arc, as he's a secondary character.
True, he doesn't. But what does it say about George's priorities making this movie when Jar Jar is probably the closest to having a full arc?
I don't think Qui-Gon needs an arc either. He's basically surrendered himself to the will of the force rather than any of his own wants or needs. What does that mean? It initially makes his goal simple; stop the invasion of Naboo. There's no "well maybe the Trade Federation has a point..." view of it. They're clearly in the wrong. While on this mission, he happens upon Anakin; a tangible flesh and blood extension of the force that has fallen right into his path. The guy has lived his whole life dedicated to the will of the force and he can't just ignore him. But he never tells Anakin what to do beyond small things like to stay in the cockpit et cetera. The choice to leave and train as a Jedi was his own. Qui-Gon defied the council because basically the force itself decided they were wrong. So his ultimate goal was tied to the objectives of others. He was the affecter of chance, not the affected.
Shouldn't this be a major part of changing his views of the world? Couldn't it be? And wtf, Anakin's choice? He takes the kid away from Tatooine and proclaims he'll be Anakin's teacher regardless of the council's reasons (which, as far as Jedi go, are pretty good ones. They are all about feelipngs and premonitions).
It really says so much about Qui-Gon and how utterly pointless he is when this big prophecy he's apparently a fan of and his discovery of what appears to be the "chosen one" doesn't impact him at all.
Anakin's arc is pretty small in just Phantom Menace is small but that's because we see it play out across six movies. Not much more beyond glimpses of him seeing the Jedi life is not all it's cracked up to be. He doesn't grow to accept this because he never does, and the end result is a shiny black helmet and a cape.
The problem isn't that his arc starts small in TPM, the problem (beyond Lloyd's acting and Lucas' directing) is that the character has no agency in the movie. He stumbles around getting lucky throughout, and by the end he's not a remarkably different person, either inside or out.
Amidala's arc is plain and simple. She wants to stop the invasion and the senate, the ultimate governing body in the Galaxy will make it happen. Coruscant is that end of second act low point for all involved and for her, it is the shattering of the ideal that the senate will help her. So she finally steps up and dives into the danger like few other of her political contemporaries would.
And this changes that Portman's monotone performance undermines any emotional impact to her arc (her 2 biggest scenes in said arc, deciding to leave Coruscant and pleading with the Gungans for help are delivered so flatly, I can't help but wonder if George's direction was "No, Natalie, like you're dead inside! Like you couldn't care less about the situation!") because? She also takes a back seat to Qui-Gon for the vast majority of the movie, which doesn't help matters on top of the performance.
There also seem to be several beats missing. Supposedly I guess Qui-Gon's maverick plan on Tatooine should have impressed her and led her to taking actions into her own hands as far as her planet is concerned? But we never see her acknowledge this. Would have been nice to lay that seed right as they left Tatooine. Instead, it's all Jar Jar talking about Gungans being "warriors" (complete with his mentally handicapped-esque speaking patterns) that do it? Barf.
Obi-Wan doesn't have much of an arc because this isn't his movie. He doesn't quite learn the lesson of the movie, to trust the force's will, but follows anyway as per Qui-Gon's dying wish. He still maintains the more dogmatic Jedi structure through II and III, till the Republic becomes the Empire. At the end we find out he and Yoda will be training with Qui-Gon from beyond the grave. So for as much as people like to say nothing happened across the prequels, it seems like the opposite. People wanted Obi-Wan and Yoda to be exactly as they were when we met them in A New Hope and Empire Strikes Back, but instead Lucas wrote an arc to get them to that place.
So Obi-Wan doesn't have a real arc in TPM. Thanks for agreeing. Instead, any real character development for Kenobi apparently all happened off screen between IIIand IV. Genius, George! Way to get us invested!
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