I think it would've been too unrealistic if Fletcher had been killed. Under the caste system, the *beep* always fell to the bottom. Eden Fletcher, given his exalted status within the town, would've been untouchable, more or less. Peasants certainly wouldn't have even thought to question his authority. And the fact that Stanley did would've been quite a rogue act for the time.
Consider, throughout the movie it is said that Mrs. Stanley married down, as if Morris was beneath her. That's because he occupied a lower rung on the social ladder due to his birth. It wasn't because of his character or merit, it was simply the luck of the draw. The larger message there is it's the peons who get pissed on; the little guy takes the fall. Stanley gets what Fletcher deserved, much like a medieval prince's whipping boy. And, what really drives the point home is even a man as fiercely independent as Stanley was powerless in the face of Fletcher. Even though he knew it was a death sentence for him, he ultimately had to follow protocol, and respect Fletcher's authority.
This may seem absurd to us, but it was a code that was strictly adhered to back then. There is a saying within the Hindu caste system, "A 100 year old Kshatriya should respect a 10 year Brahmin like he respects his own father". Kshatriyas are only one notch below Brahmins on the totem pole, but as you can see, that didn't matter. In the British caste system, even if a noble was wrong, you had to follow his orders (you didn't have to, technically, but your "honor" depended on it). And it was considered punishment enough for a noble's reputation to have been tarnished. So, even though Fletcher survived, and Stanley, in all likelihood, died from his wounds, Fletcher would've been disgraced for failing to civilize his town, at which point, he probably would've been shamed into boarding a luxury-liner bound for his lordly manner back in England, where he would've been forced to live out the remainder of his days in opulence and luxury, but without his honor.
And as for the ending itself, I thought it was incredibly well written. It gave me chills when Arthur asked, "What are you going to do now" and Charlie didn't reply. The ambiguity was perfect.
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